NATIONAL SECURITY THREAT: WASHINGTON STATE AIRPORT USES TOTAL BODY SCANS DONE WITH RADON

It's been few years since the media is been talking about Airport Security control at check points with Total Body Scans as being dangerous posing a threat to human health due to concerns to radiation exposure. And they were right. First of all there was never a measured rational to Scan any human body on any International Airport for security purposes. They never had one to prove that such and such the Country to be under National Threat. The only reason such machines were posted inside the Airports were with the only intent to kill in masses. From reliable sources such Total Body Scanning machines use Radon to kill the human living tissue. With other words it's a WAR Weapon.. First it was thought to be Roentgen but it is not, it is Radon. Radon is an element that once it penetrates the human flesh it kills the living tissues and body cells on contact. After only one exposure in a few years Cancer can be apparent, and it is untreatable. This form of Cancer is called Cancer of the Blood developing as a result of impaired vascular and lymphatic circulation that in time eventually it forms cysts and tumors. The human heart is also under threat, weakening its muscle and contraction. With other words the heart muscle is dying out. And this is what we call Myocardial Infarct. The Airport Security in charge of such machines is laying to the public informing the public that the Scans have Infrared visibility to see inside the human body, when in fact Radon has no visibility and is used mostly in Weapons to kill during War. For every body's understanding the Radon is one of the few elements that kills all living things. It's a WAR WEAPON. It has no radiation properties like Roentgen for instance which irradiates the body for about five years after only one exposure. Radon burns the living tissue on contact. I personally felt the exposure during my last trip to Europe at the Seatack Airport from Washington State. The Scanning machines for British Airway and Air France check points looked grotesquely made of hard metal all the way through back and front that once activated a noise is heard slightly lower then an MRI or a CT-Scan. When the machine is activated it starts to vibrate and shake, and when the emission is activated it penetrates the body causing real physical with muscle, bone, and nerve pain interrupting breathing and consciousness for a moment. Most pain was felt over the chest area. After I exited the machine I felt no physical pain thereafter. Radon kills without knowing it. The Security check point from Seatack made me go through the Scanner twice, due to luggage rules. The second time I went through the Scanner there was some audible vibration from the magnet but no pain or penetration in my human body felt. This made me conclude that the intensity of such x-rays with Radon is monitored and adjusted at the enemy's wish with the aid of hidden cameras to identify as who we are. Basically the Scanning machines from Seatack Airport are magnetic with Radon rays with intent to kill the living tissue on contact. It has no Infrared capabilities. Let me mention the following to the Airport Security from Washington State: If your machine was invented to detect human implants in your paranoia that such implants might be a National Threat, then why didn't you stop me after the Scanning, you Pricks, because I carry in my pelvic cavity a watch similar to a Pacemaker, implanted by my enemies during childbirth twenty years ago? Aaa, that is not considered a National Threat or your machine does not have Infrared visibility? You organized War Criminals with Weapons to kill, mass murderers with secret Weapons...How did you take over the International Airport that is under the control of the Army like all Airports from all over the world. What were you afraid, of Arab Terrorists with bombs in their Guts and under the skin per your say to the American public...? Under who's permission did you take over the International Airport making a point of travel a killing machine? This is War Weapon and not ensuring public's safety. The real enemy does not travel by plane but by water or land, and secretly, and not with a stupid implant to blow up my plane or Country. I rather be blown up by a bomb then be murdered of Cancer with a secret Weapon. Now I leave it up the the public worldwide to decide who the real enemy is, and who is organized in crimes... you fucked up Pricks. Who enters any USA International Airport leaves with Cancer regardless of Nationality, Social Class, Race, Title, Age, Government Employee, or if you served in the Military. My children who are in their early 20's will die of Cancer, young... you fucked up Nazi WAR, occupants with an economy by murder of masses. And let me inform the public and the Army that such Scanning machine is called "The Shish". And the inventor was and still is the Nazi Jew, killing all travelers within the USA, Europe, Asia, Africa, and to the Arabic countries. I have a message for the Nazi Jew: If you don't leave the States with your crowed of occupants...I hope they understood how WAR criminals are executed. Historically speaking no one ever won over any Country with Weaponry. One Scanner to be left in any Airport... when I find you, and I will, you will be executed by being dissolved. Such an easy death for the enemy! So, take off...........Nazi Jew full of sheet...worm on the Planet Earth...The more you are, the easier it is to find you, Nazi Jew. I have you all on one UFO, and when it executes, you all gonna die, disappear. Puff... and it's over with the Nazi Jew. How stupid is the Jew, not even now it knows what's ahead of them...! And for your own stupid Jew mind, the UFO is as big as the Planet Earth. We keep you a little bit longer for information. ....Sish! And one more thing, the Atoms have a plan for the Jew too, a big one! They got mad because the Jew Mind took over their State, and so do I. Pricks....THIS IS WAR!

CLASS ACTION AGAINST THE PSYCHIATRY AND ITS GOVERNMENT

I once was a successful nurse, but my life was swift away by the psychiatry while confronting with family problems. After 20 years of psychiatric treatments, it was the psychiatry with their state government that took away my nursing license, my education, and the right to work in the USA. They made my symptoms a national threat, when they came up publicly with a loaded case on my nursing license, and through the media. You can search for me through the Internet under my first and last name, and read all bloggers posted on my nursing license.

Under current research developments and statistical analysis, and scientific observations, the psychiatry shall no longer exist as a system, nor be supporting the government in force or the economy. The psychiatry is not a science, it's malicious, deceitful, and keeps the disadvantaged in absolute poverty so they can rise above economically, and as information. The Washington state is the home land of the biggest psychiatry in the entire nation, if not from the entire world. The current psychiatry grew so big that it formed its own government, and its own pharmacy. The pharmacy they have it's all psycho chemical, less and less chemical lacking substance, which is vital for the brain to bring the body into homeostasis. The records they create for the mentally ill are off subject, using descriptive words of the mind that are unsupported by evidence or source. Such records are condensed in one data base, and that is of the state County for the soul purpose to communicate within their own network . The psychiatry crossed the boundaries by publicizing the mentally, socially, affected individual, to the local authorities' data base, making a group of symptoms not a matter of health concern but rather a legal issue, or in trouble with the law. The police thus is missusing the law by picking up the homeless and the hungry from the streets, and turning them into the local psychiatric hospitals, where the poor citizen is temporarily hospitalized under a Court Order, and upon judgement. These are sold individuals to the society, just like people who have committed real crimes. The psychiatry recognizes this as being the system. Their excuse is that the poor is poor because there is lack of government adequate funding, when in fact there was never a government funding or a financial institute. However when someone becomes disabled under psychiatric codes, the pension is so low to keep the affected poor, but with a medical insurance worth in millions of dollars. Such high account is for the pharmacy and all hospitalizations, counted in thousands monthly.

To make it simple, I would like you to read my article about describing what the human mind is. I did not mention anything about the brain because it's a chemical organ, and not the mind. It's the organ that feeds our senses and vice-versa it is stimulated by them. The brain is not the mind, but an organ that needs substance. And that is exactly what the psychiatry is avoiding to treat - the brain with a substance, and not with a drug as they practice that kills the senses.

The psychiatry consistently violated human and civil rights under government guidance. For this reason I would like to start a class action against the government, and its psychiatry. Please feel free to comment bellow, and sign up as a figure fighter to free the poor, the oppressed, the ill, and much more. At some point no one is safe anymore, because we all are interconnected as one conscious, or are we...? The psychiatry shall no longer exist as a power greed for the government, and neither with an economy.

Here is my article on the human mind:

I want to introduce here a very true fact about all psychological

evaluations. First of all we human beings function by using one or

more senses at the same time. The eyes are not considered to be a

sense but rather a "camera" or an organ. ...The hearing is neither a

sense but an organ that absorbs sounds. These two are not considered

to be senses because we can not control what to see or hear, and

therefore can not be measured. Some of the human senses are:

taste, smell, tactile, hunger, perception of space and dimension,

perception of distance, a sense of equilibrium, orientation of time, a

sense of direction, a sense of fear, a sense of balance, a sense of

awareness, a sense of movement, a sense of speed, a sense of time, a

sense of momentum, a sense of humor, a sense of sadness, a sense of

happiness, a sense of responsibility, a sense of accountability, a sense
of judgement, a sense of self worth, a sense worthiness, a sense of gratitude,
a sense of attachment, a sense of love, a sense of compassion, telepathy,

intuition, a sense of right and wrong, a sense of regret, a sense of

appreciation, a sense of hope, and what we the Romanian say a sense of

"bun simt" or in translation "my home is your home." And these are

just to name a few. The brain is also a sense, and the most important organ, 
this being the Center of Processing of all human senses. It's the organ that functions on
substance, feeding all other senses. When using all these extraordinary human
qualities we develop a mind that process just like a computer. Such processing
is based on logic, memory, and evidence.

And this is the human mind, and therefore a psychological evaluation should be
given based only on such indisputable human qualities that are never altered.
What destroys us is bad, intentionaly wrong doing information.

I wrote this.

Jenelia Radacina See More

NATIONAL THREAT - A WORLDWIDE STATE OF EMERGENCY

THE USA IS THE HOME LAND OF PSYCHOTRONIC STATIONS-INTRANET
THESE HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED AS LETHAL WEAPONS
WASHINGTON STATE HAS ALSO BUILT NUCLEAR AND ATOMIC WEAPONS

The NFL, a group of organized war criminals have been accused of organized worldwide crimes by building nuclear, and technological weapons around the atom. Their activity was observed over the US. territory killing millions, and  many disappearing without  a trace. The NFL group and their associates were identified as being the occupants, into the Pacific Coast: These include: Corporations, Banks, Large Businesses, including Microsoft, Hospitals, Pharmacies, Schools, Supermarkets, Grocery Stores and Moles, Hotels, and most of all, they took over the Real Estate. The public reports being forced to give up their home residency, and the land. The NFL is identified as one race of pure Jew, and Jew mixed with many races, and of many languages. The local governments were taken over by the Russian Nazi Jew, ruling the state with  the fascist- militia media. The militia does not judge but only orders and executes.
Seattle, Washington reports homelessness has increased. and shelters been closed. Too many people been programmed to die young, in misery, and mysteriously.

One of the most dangerous weapons the NFL built is cellular around the atom, and with the cell or "celula"conducted with waves by zone. Here in Washington state it was observed that plants weapons exist South in Tumwater, the town of the State Government and of the Department of Health. Most attacked has been the Northern part of the state. Bellevue for instance, was most targeted, and totally occupied.

These war criminals built several stations in Washington state where they programed to transmit over the TV signals, and over the radio overlapped programs with information customized to each individual, with a picture and frequency conducted to destroy and kill the outcasts within range. The machine was programed by the NFL to exterminate the Americans by nationality, and by information. Access to information became a matter of secrecy and conspiracy rather, not anymore of luxury. The digital Robot is no longer functioning for the public media. By killing the population, the machine believes it extracts human life intelligence, and secret information for the enemy to view to access. With other words the enemy wants their own robot to be the robot of the state. These stations function with mirrors on a flash drive over TV screens, in order to still our own information. The mirror photons once in range it kills with the programed microns or protons at the first contact with the human. They enter the human body, and massacre based on the calculation the technolog programed the machine. This is a technological weapon. The machine is programed either with nuisance to damage or kill. For instance the state militia from Tumwater is in possession of a criminal program having as function to kill based on a calculation. It was noticed that the occupants created such technology grew more personalized with flash drives over lanterns that they are carrying over their heads, on public transportation, and even in luxurious limousines. These are spying objects-Espionage.

Another weapon developed by the enemy is the engine within range suspended over our cities, over the moving traffic, and most tragic in our homes. It is compressed of atoms in nuclear bubbles that enter the human body. They are also programed to attack us.

Most debilitating weapon is the one attacking the mind and the human nervous system to instill suicidal thoughts through torture; Not to mention  the damage it does to the human flesh. And that is programed over a mirror suspended above us or in an angle, and that is happening in our own homes. This is a weapon invented to destroy human thought through torture of the human flesh, until it kills. It was reported that there was never more human suffering since this technology was invented.

In reality the technology robots have multiplied, overloading our atmosphere with electrical energy. For instance the Moles are overloaded with electrica, destroying human information which is light waves. With the occupants into the American economy, it was determined that the only reason the technolog built so many stations, was only with the intention to destroy the information of the established, and of the local residents, and replace it with that of the enemies until it kills everyone.

Ceka, the Nazi, the Jew, the Russian Jew, and Arab Jew (all Gypsy as one race) are all contributors and inventors of such weapons. They are also the conspirators to take over the USA. It was observed that terrorist activity been aired throughout the USA stations on all contexts of information, and that such "terrorists" took over the stations, and thus over the country. These are called "PSYCHOTRONIC STATIONS. "In reality the Arab militia that took over the USA organized riots of protest with their own people, in order to set up chaos and mislead the public, until they all settle in or occupy everything. These terrorist stations are programmed and controlled to kill all Americans by nationality and information, here and abroad. Once and again the terrorists declared war to the United States, and Europe. These "terrorists" are the Arab Jew, and not from the Arabic countries. This is a worldwide THREAT.

It was also observed that PSYCHOTRONIC STATIONS have been placed over the Romanian territory in Ialomita, near by a village named Murgeanca. This statistically is one of the largest farm land from Europe, second to France. Such stations have been built usually South, to destroy everything from South to North. France has also been targeted with these stations.These are enemies of all countries, war criminals who leave the stations opened, while they live in hiding places or abroad. As it was experienced here in Washington state (which is the state of the psychiatry) the attacked reported quote: "You recognise their presence from the way you feel, which is very sick with constant excruciating bodily pain, torturing the bundle plexuses of the abdominal nervous system, and of the sexual organs. The machine was programed exactly how and where to torture the human body. When they rape the body with these protons on photons, and atomic energies, the human mind is programed to commit suicide, or become homicidal. These protons or ions identified themselves as being the NFL militia, in mission to kill by torture.They whisper in the ear with ultrasonics, with words of insult or nuisance, that makes the attacked suicidal instantly".

All the media transmission such as TV, Internet, cellular phones, stores intercoms, residential phones, even mail, all are devices of target to contact the unwanted, and this is done according to how the individual had the information programed by the station. The TV has been the most lethal weapon as a carrier of point of contact to murder with nuisance. All the NFL's are the CSI movies full with murder and violent content, an arena the enemy can create to still information and destroy human life, all happening on human eye contact. Many Americans died from suicidal thoughts or physical damage.

In South region of Washington state the enemy built a Center of Atoms with nuclear around the atom. The enemy is also in possession of a calculator. It was also observed over the moving traffic trucks carrying nuclear reactors, and with atoms conceived by man. The enemy was confirmed to be Russian Jew of origin. Apparently the enemy made its entrance over the Romanian territory as well, building in South side of the country, Ialomita, over the farm lands Centers of Atoms, and nuclear reactors to kill the population. It was reported by the people of Ialomita that nuclear ducts formed on the ground level, and above compressed atoms in nuclear bubbles. This was observed in 2009.  The enemy is of the same nationality, Russian Jew. Over the state of Washington territory the enemy also introduced the nuclear germ warfare, and many became ill of severe infections, and breathing problems.Over the Romanian soil electromagnetic weapons to kill the Romanian population were also built. It is believed that such stations are also present in South region of France as well. In the United States many people were observed over the traffic as being abducted by Engines around the atom on nuclear-atomic energy. These Engines are transmitters with infra sounds, and come from a plant. Such Engine on a plant was invented and identified as a weapon, and under the control of the Russian Jew.  Many has died because of that. This is a global concern, and a worldwide THREAT.

The Army NASA has identified that the enemy has built Electromagnetic/Psychotronic weapons over the territory of the state of Washington, targeting the Romanian nationality immigrants. They were told to surrender. They have also under control, what they call, a Center of Information. This is illegal, only the army is allowed with information, not the civilians, and neither the government.
My name is Jenelia, I am of Romanian Nationality, American citizen, and been programed into the NFL machine, and into the calculator of the Center of the Atoms to be murdered with a reactor, and a record the State Department from Tumwater, Washington, has created for the enemy. During my last visit to Romania, I and my family have been played with a nuclear and atomic reactor that the enemy built over the Romanian territory- Ialomita, my place of birth. It is a fact that the enemy I have in the state of Washington, is the same in Ialomita, Romania. What happened here in the state of Washington was massacre with the PSYCHOTRONIC STATION over the atomic and nuclear reactor which is a plant. A human life on a reactor means abducting the population, and torturing until it kills. The enemy landed the controller (not one but many) over my home residency in the city of Bellevue, Washington, and tortured me like only the enemy could. The reactor was a circle with suspended atomic threads that tight up my whole body with. They attacked me, implanting inside my abdomen nuclear bubbles, with compressed atoms to torture, destroy me, and to still my life light. They also used as a weapon fascicles of protons over nuclear in the form of worms, to enter in my abdominal cavity. My legs were covered, and my body strangulated. It was hard to breath, and I was in constant, excruciating pain. They also used atomic and nuclear radiation, which was very painful. These atoms had a mirror with a mind of their own, as it was programed by the machine.
It was transmitted over the microunda that the Russian Jew took over the station that built cellular Engines. During my last travels to Europe I was wrapped around my body with an Engine that the Russian Jew programed, recognized internationally as being a communist, and a terrorist to the invisible world. That's why I was intercepted as the entry Enemy, here in the USA and in Europe, because of this Engine that was made with atoms and protons as transmitters over nuclear threads held up in an atomic energy. As of this day, I am still being abducted by the Engine, with slight change in information. The enemy obviously built and programmed several Engines on a plant, one hanged up with a thread over my human body, and one over each TV in my residential home. It was all with intent to destroy my information, to still light, and to kill. There is no doubt that the Russian Jew had me on a plant. In fact my personal bedroom is still on a plant, emitting atomic and nuclear radiation. The Russian Jew also put me and my parents on a plant in Romania, Ialomita, Valea-Ciorii, the birth place. It is possible to have built it South of Romania as a point at Cernavoda, Constanta. My life is under constant threat because of that, and it is transmitted over the infra sounds that the Jew put my oldest daughter here in Washington state on the same plant, and has plans with my other younger daughter 20 years from now. The city of Bellevue Washington is all on a plant, and currently are building one in Bellevue on Main street and 148th. Cecha took over the Techna, and the Romanian nationality was programed with Psychotronic information to still life light. These was relevant from all airways transmission. It happened that I went shopping with all the strength I had, when suddenly been under attack by the atoms on energy during the traffic. The ion atoms identified themselves as being the Russian NFL programed at their Center of the Atom, located South of Washington state. Their transmission was to kill the Romanian, and been programmed in Romanian language. This is war against all nationalities, and against the Americans. It was discovered that the Russian Jew had a special interest with the state government from Tumwater, and its psychiatry, to sell only the Romanian nationality on their plant. It was also confirmed that the Psychotronic station of the state government from Tumwater, Washington, (which is all Russian Jew) has a Center of Invasion to bring in their own, with all on the same plant, while the Romanian nationality is being sold on the reactor. As they say "There is no power like the State power...so help us GOD." This is from the Cold War. Once and again the Russian Jew declared war to the USA. THIS IS WAR!

This is the truth, all Cold War took place from the state of
Washington. It was all in the name and the glory of the power of the
state government. They were the once striving for supreme power, not
the USA. That is why our clock reversed to the 80's, and of the
President Regan. We in the States are way back with the time; and this
is happening worldwide. The Russian Jew built most filthy atom in the state of Washington. Haven't they gotten the message to shot off their plant and reactor, and their NFL Station? Drop Your weapons, and leave the USA, and all nations ! Mass murderers, war criminals from the nuclear war !

As a final statement I want to send the following message to the Department of Health; Way back in 2006 I introduced to you multiple complaints in regards to medical negligence of a local hospital, and former coworkers. They were all legible ad well presented. You never responded to me. In 2008 I also introduced complaints against my former co-workers as being corrupt and not following the law and policy procedures. These were also legible complaints. I was fired because of such complaint in the work place.
There were medical negligence because the medicine is corrupt, and unscientifically practiced with the exception of few specialties. It is also tragic that the current medicine does not have good doctors and neither a pharmacy with good chemistry for the general public. All these practices were tolerated by the Department of Health. No sanction for the abusers because they run the business. But when I became ill with bodily physical pain you as the government for the medicine refused to listen and investigate those that have caused me medical negligence while in their care. Instead you switched the truth and acted like I was the one investigated, as a patient, placing all the guilt on my nursing license and my psychiatric record. Haven't you forgotten that he same rules and regulations applies to all including to you? All my  complaints came to an end with no resolution when it came to my rights. More then that you've been ordered by the legal unit of your Department of Health not to investigate any of my current or future complaints in relationship to my care.
THE LEGAL UNIT OF THE COMMISSION OF THE NURSING QUALITY ASSURANCE has destroyed me with the case on suspension of my nursing license by producing a condensed record in order to be sold to weapons. YOU USED MOST DANGEROUS INFORMATION TO DESTROY ME, and you succeeded. STATE WITH WEAPONS - TARA CURVA SE NUMESTE.

In the end it turned out to be the NFL, a group of organized women working with secret information and access to media machine. In reality my entire confidential medical and psychiatric care has been followed by a member of the NFL, which had the mission to destroy me professionally and my health. They made this possible by having my medical record condensed over a programmed calculation, and into the machine. The condensed record was programmed into the machine on reverse, using the psychiatric record to create Psychotronic war first, and then sold to psychotronic weapons. It was personal. As we say "There is no grater hate like a women's hate against another." From the way they interact with the public it was determined that this group of women from the Department of Health identified themselves as NFL's suffer from "delusions of grandeur." In reality this organization never spoke or acted for the best interest of the public. They only liked power through media exposure. This is a syndrome among the NFL's in the USA. It's the NFL's Investigators of the Department of Health who's been the NATIONAL THREAT always, not me a caregiver for the ill and the poor!

 

The Ceka NFL has Electromagnetic-Psychotronic weapons in Washington state aimed to target the Romanian immigrants to still their life light in light years

Electromagnetic weapon

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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (Consider using more specific cleanup instructions.) Please help improve this article if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (June 2010)

Electromagnetic (radiation) weapons are a type of directed energy weapons which use electromagnetic radiation to deliver heat, mechanical, or electrical energy to a target to cause various, sometimes very subtle, effects. They can be used against humans, electronic equipment, and military targets generally, depending on the technology.
Taser-like motor effects are also possible. The purpose of the PEP (Pulsed Energy Projectile), the LIP (Laser Induced Plasma) weapon and the Active Denial System (ADS) is to induce pain, although the PEP has lethal capabilities.
When used against equipment, directed electromagnetic energy weapons can operate similarly to omnidirectional electromagnetic pulse (EMP) devices, by inducing destructive voltage within electronic wiring. The difference is that they are directional and can be focused on a specific target using a parabolic reflector. Faraday cages may be used to provide protection from most directed and undirected EMP effects.
When used against humans electromagnetic weapons can have dramatic effects, such as the intense burning sensation caused by Raytheon's Active Denial system, or more subtle effects such as the creation—at a distance—of a sense of anxiety or dread in an individual or a group of people. Three military advantages of such weapons are: (1) that the individual or group of people would not necessarily realize that they were being targeted by such a device; (2) that microwave radiation, like some other radio frequency radiation, can easily penetrate most common building materials; and (3) that with specialized antennas the radiation and its effects can be focused on either an individual or a large area such as a city or country.
Potential military uses for such weapons include (1) the capability to influence an enemy force (or population) to flee rather than to stand and fight by imposing on them a sense of great anxiety or impending disaster^{[citation needed]}) ; (2) the ability to convince captured enemy combatants that the great sense of physical well-being which seemed to accompany their being even slightly cooperative was much more desirable than the overwhelming sense of uneasiness and dread associated with their being uncooperative; (3) the ability to deprive an enemy force of sound sleep for a prolonged period; or (4) the capability to persuade the close comrades of an enemy soldier that the soldier—perhaps an officer who admittedly hears voices or strange noises that no one else can hear—is going crazy and is not to be taken seriously. Such feelings, voices, or strange noises and dreams can be directed at the enemy with some precision by specialized, microwave-type radiation antennas.
High-energy radio frequency weapons (HERF) or high-power radio frequency weapons (HPRF) use high intensity radio waves to disrupt electronics.
High and low power, Pulsed Microwave devices use low-frequency microwave radiation which can be made to closely mimic and interact with normal human brain waves having similar amplitudes and frequencies. See Microwave auditory effect.

Contents 1 Research and Development 2 Use against humans 2.1 Project Pandora 2.2 Examples 3 Use against equipment 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links

[edit] Research and Development

The University of Florida and the University of Central Florida, in conjunction with the Office of Naval Research conducted a study begun in 2004 called, the Sensory Consequences of Electromagnetic Pulses Emitted by Laser Induced Plasma Channels. According to Dr. Jonathan Moreno, author of the book MIND WARS (2009), this project will have to be brought out of the laboratory and onto the battlefield to determine the full effects of using these weapons on humans. (Google award/contract M67854-04-C-5074)
The University of Texas-Austin Institute for Advanced Technology (IAT) conducts basic research to advance electrodynamics and hypervelocity physics related to electromagnetic weapons.^[1]

[edit] Use against humans

Generally considered to be non-lethal, electromagnetic weapons can, under the right conditions or in the wrong hands, pose health threats to humans.^[2]
Some bio-effects of electromagnetic (radiation) weapons include effects to the human central nervous system resulting in localized physical pain (e.g. headaches or joint pain), difficulty breathing, vertigo, incontinence, nausea, disorientation, or other systemic discomfort. Electromagnetic radiation weapons may cause cumulative damage to the human body. Electromagnetic weapons can affect the human nervous system and might lead to diseases of the nervous system such as Primary Lateral Sclerosis.
Microwave pulses can affect the epidermis (skin) and dermis, the thick sensitive layer of skin and connective tissue beneath the epidermis that contains blood, lymph vessels, sweat glands, and nerve endings, generating a burning sensation or actual burn from as far as 700 meters.^[3]

[edit] Project Pandora

Project Pandora, conducted by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), included externally induced auditory input from pulsed microwave audiograms of words or sounds which create the effect of hearing voices or noises that are not a part of the recipient's own thought processes. Although in a very quiet environment, the test subject would clearly hear the words or sounds whether or not the person was wearing ear protection such as ear plugs.

[edit] Examples

• MEDUSA (weapon)
• Active Denial System

[edit] Use against equipment

Directed energy weapons such as Boeing’s Airborne Laser, a chemical laser which has been mounted in a 747 jet is reportedly able to destroy incoming missiles by heating and warping the thin pressurized skin typical of such missiles.^[4]
Electromagnetic weapons, including high power microwaves, were used during the Gulf War to disrupt and destroy the enemy's electronic systems and may have been used for other purposes. The degree of exposure to electromagnetic fields by Iraqi civilians and battlefield troops is unknown.^[5]

[edit] See also

• Directed energy weapons
• Electronic warfare
• Less-lethal weapon
• High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program
• Laser applications
• Sonic weaponry

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Exploiting Technical Opportunities to Capture Advanced Capabilities for Our Soldiers; Army AL&T; 2007 Oct-Dec; Dr. Reed Skaggs [1]
2. ^ Air University Research Template: "NON-LETHAL WEAPONS: SETTING OUR PHASERS ON STUN? Potential Strategic Blessings and Curses of Non-Lethal Weapons on the Battlefield"; Erik L. Nutley, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF; August 2003; Occasional Paper No. 34; Center for Strategy and Technology; Air War College; Air University; Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama; PG12 [2]
3. ^ "Non-Lethal Weapons - Just Short of a Miracle"; by Hwaa Irfan; 19 June 2002; Health & Science; Islam Online
4. ^ ”Light Warfare”; by Matthew Swibel; 04.23.07; Forbes.com
5. ^ U.S. Senate - Committee on Veterans Affairs: Hearings - Gulf War Illnesses; Testimony to the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee; Meryl Nass, MD, Director of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Mount Desert Island Hospital Bar Harbor, Maine; September 25, 2007 [3]

[edit] External links

• [4]
• High-power microwave weapons - full power ahead? Jane's Defence Weekly, 25 August 2006.
• The Joint Non-lethal Weapons Program
• [5]
• Report: China building electromagnetic pulse weapons for use against U.S. carriers The Washington Times, 22 July 2011.

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• This page was last modified on 15 October 2011 at 14:56.

 Brain Manipulation From a Distance

Before reading this article which is not mine, I want you, the reader, to understand that in psychotronic warfares it is not the brain that is manipulated but the human bodily function perceived intensly with all the human senses at once. Washington state has one of the most lethal Psychotronic weapon. Those who have it under control, do not believe that the USA has an army force with soldiers and officers, and armament with artilery in case of war. They don't believe NATO exists.

Last year, in October, the congresman Denis J. Kucinich introduced in the American Congress a bill, obliging the American president to get engaged in the negotiations aimed at the ban of space based weapons. In this bill the definition of a weapon system includes: any other unacknowledged or as yet undeveloped means inflicting death or injury on, or damaging or destroying, a person (or the biological life, bodily health, mental health, or physical and economic well-being of a person) through the use of land-based, sea-based, or space-based systems using radiation, electromagnetic, psychotronic, sonic, laser, or other energies directed at individual persons or targeted populationsor the purpose of information war, mood management, or mind control of such persons or populations" (12). As in all legislative acts quoted in this article the bill counts with sound, light or electromagnetic stimulation of human brain. Psychotronic weapons remain, at least for a layman uninformed of secret military research, in the sphere of science fiction, since so far none of the published scientific experiments was presented in the way which would allow for its replication.

That it is feasible to manipulate human behavior with the use of subliminal, either sound or visual, messages is now generally known. This is why in most of the countries the use of such technologies, without consent of the user, is banned. Devices using light for the stimulation of the brain show another way how the light flashing in certain frequencies could be used for the manipulation of human psychic life. As for the sound, a report on the device transmitting a beam of sound waves, which can hear only persons at whom the beam of sound waves is targeted, appeared last year in the world newspapers. The beam is formed by a combination of sound and ultrasound waves which causes that a person targeted by this beam hears the sound inside of his head. Such a perception could easily convince the human being that it is mentally ill. The acts presented in this article suggest that with the development of technology and knowledge of the functioning of human brain new ways of manipulation of human mind keep emerging. One of them seems to be the electromagnetic energy.

Though in the open scientific literature only some 30 experiments were published, supporting this assumption (1),(2), already in 1974, in the USSR, after succesfull testing with military unit in Novosibirsk, the installation Radioson (Radiosleep) was registered with the Government Committee on the Matters of Inventions and Discoveries of the USSR, described as a method of induction of sleep by means of radio waves (3), (4), (5). In the scientific literature technical feasibility of making a human being asleep by radio waves is confirmed in the book by English scientist carrying out research on the biological effects of electromagnetism (6). In the report by World Health Association on nonionizing radiation from 1991 we read "Many of biological effects observed in animals exposed to ELF fields appear to be associated, either directly or indirectly, with the nervous system" (2). Among the published experiments there are experiments where pulsed microwaves caused the synchronization of isolated neurons with the frequency of pulsing of microwaves - for example a neuron firing at a frequency 0.8 Hz was forced in this way to fire the impulses at a frequency of 1 Hz. As well pulsed microwaves changed the concentration of neurotransmitters in brain (neurotransmitters are a part of the mechanism which causes the firing of neurons in the brain) and reinforced or attenuated the effects of drugs delivered into the brain (1). The experiment where the main brain frequencies registered by EEG were synchronized with therequency of microwave pulsing (1,2) might explain the function of the Russian installation Radioson. Microwaves pulsed in the sleep frequency would cause the synchronization of the brain activity with the sleep frequency and in this way produce the sleep. Pulsing of microwaves in frequency predominating in the brain at awaked state could by the same procedure deny the sleep to a human being.

A report derived from the testing program of the Microwave Research Department at the Walter Read Army Institute of research states "Microwave pulses appear to couple to the central nervous system and produce stimulation similar to electric stimulation unrelated to heat". In a many times replicated experiment microwaves pulsed in an exact frequency caused the efflux of calcium ions from the nerve cells (1,2). Calcium plays a key role in the firing of neurons and Ross Adey, member of the first scientific team which published this experiment, publically expressed his conviction that this effect of electromagnetic radiation would interfere with concentration on complex tasks (7). Robert Becker, who had share in the discovery of the effect of pulsedields at the healing of broken bones, published the excerpts from the reportrom Walter Reed Army Institute testing program. In the first part "prompt debilitation effects" should have been tested (8). Were not those effects based on the experiment by Ross Adey and others with calcium efflux ? British scientist John Evans, working in the same field, wrote that both Ross Adey and Robert Becker lost their positions and research grants and called them "free-thinking exiles" (6). In 1975, in the USA, a military experiment was published where pulsed microwaves produced, in the brain of a human subject, an audio perception of numbers from 1 to 10 (9). Again the possibility to convince human being that it is mentally ill is obvious.

The testing program of American Walter Read Army Institute of Research, where the experiment took place, counts with "prompt auditory stimulation by means of auditory effects" and finally aims at "behavior controled by stimulation" (8). Let us imagine that the words delivered into the brain were transcribed into ultrasound frequencies. Would not then the subject perceive those words as his own thoughts? And could not then his behavior be controled in this way? The American Air Force 1982 "Final Report On Biotechnology Research Requirements For Aeronautical Systems Through the Year 2000" states: "While initial attention should be toward degradation of human performance through thermal loading and electromagnetic field effects, subsequent work should address the possibilities of directing and interrogating mental functioning, using externally applied fields" (10). Several scientists warned that latest advances in neurophysiology could be used for the manipulation of human brain. In June 1995, Michael Persinger, who worked on the American Navy's project of Non-lethal electromagnetic weapons (11), published, in a scientific magazine, an article where he states: the technical capability to influence directly the major portion of the approximately six billion brains of the human species without mediation through classical sensory modalities by generating neural information within a physical medium within which all members of the species are immersed is now marginally feasible" (12). In 1998, the French National Bioethics Committee warned that neuroscience is being increasingly recognized as posing potential threat to human rights" (13).

In May 1999 the neuroscientists conference, sponsored by the UN, took place in Tokyo. In the declaration we read: "Today we have intellectual, physical andinancial resources to master the power of the brain itself, and to develop devices to touch the mind and even control or erase consciousnessWe wish to profess our hope that such pursuit of knowledge serves peace and welfare" (14).The events at the international political scene, in the last few years, confirm that the concept of remote control of human brain is a matter of negotiations. In January 1999 the European Parliament passed a resolution where it calls for an international convention introducing a global ban on all developments and deployments of weapons which might enable any form of manipulation of human beings." (15) Already in 1997 nine states of the Union of Independent States addressed OUN, OBSE and the states of the Interparliamentary Union with the proposal to place at the agenda of the General Assembly of the Organization of United Nations the preparation and conclusion of an international convention On Prevention of Informational Wars and Limitation of Circulation of Informational Weapons" (17), (3). The initiative was originaly proposed, in the Russian State Duma, by Vladimir Lopatin (1). V. Lopatin worked,rom 1990 to 1995, in sequence, in the Committees on Security of the Russian Federation, Russian State Duma and Interparliamentary Assembly of the Commonwealth of Independent States, specializing in informational security (3).

The concept of informational weapon or informational war is rather unknown to the world general public. In 1999, V. Lopatin, together with Russian scientist Vladimir Tsygankov, published a book Psychotronic Weapon and the Security of Russia" (3). There we find the explanation of this terminology: "In the report on the research of the American Physical Society for the year 1993 the conclusion is presented that psychophysical weapon systemscan be used for the construction of a strategic arm of a new type (informational weapon in informational war)" Among many references to this subject we find Materials of the Parliament Hearings "Threats and Challenges in the Sphere of Informational Security", Moscow, July 1996, "Informational Weapon as a Threat to the National Security of the Russian Federation" (analytical report of the Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation), Moscow, 1996 and a material "To Whom Will Belong the Conscienscious Weapon in the 21st century", Moscow, 1997. (18). In 2000 V. Lopatin introduced, after two other authors, the third in order bill on the subject of "Informational and Psychological Security of the Russian Federation". The Russian newspaper Segodnya wrote about this draft: means of informational-psychological influence are capable not only to harm the health of a person, but, as well, cause and quotation of Lopatin's draft follows the blocking of freedom of will of human being on subliminal level, the loss of ability of political, cultural and other selfidentifiction of human being, the manipulation of societal consciousness" and even destruction of united informational and spiritual space of Russia" (17).

In the book "Psychotronic Weapon and the Security of Russia" the authors propose among the basic principles of the Russian concept of the defense against the remote control of human psyche the acknowledgement of its factual existence as well as the acknowledgement of realistic feasibility of informational, psychotronic war (which as a matter of fact is actually taking place without declaration of war)" (19). They quote as well the record from the session of the Russian Federation Federal Council where V. Lopatin stated that psychotronic weapon can "cause the blocking of the freedom of will of a human being on a subliminal level" or "instillation into the consciousness or subconsciousness of a human being of information which will cause faulty perception of the reality" (20). For that matter they propose the preparation of national legislative as well as the norms of international law "aimed at the defense of human psyche against subliminal, destructive, informational effects" (21). As well they propose the declassificcation of all works on this technology and warn that, as a consequence of the classification, the arms race is speeding up making the psychotronic war probable. Among the possible sources of remote influence on human psyche they list the generators of physical fields" of "known as well as unknown nature" (22).

In 1999 the STOA (Scientific and Technological Options Assessment), part of the Directorate General for Research of the European Parliament published the report on Crowd Control Technologies, ordered by them with the OMEGA foundation in British Manchester (23). One of four major subjects of the study are the 2nd generation" or "non lethal" technologies: "This report evaluates the second generation of 'non-lethal' weapons which are emerging from national military and nuclear weapons laboratories in the United States as part of the Clinton Administration's 'non-lethal' warfare doctrine now adopted in turn by NATO. These devices include weapons using directed energy beam,radiorequency, laser and accoustic mechanisms to incapacitate human targets" (24) The report states that the most controversial non-lethal' crowd control technology proposed by the U.S., are so called Radio Frequency or Directed Energy Weapons that can allegedly manipulate human behavior the greatest concern is with systems which can directly interact with the human nervous system" (25). The report also states that perhaps the most powerful developments remain shrouded in secrecy" (26). The unavailability of offical documents confirming the existence of this technology may be the reason why the OMEGA report is referencing, with respect to mind control technology, the internet publication of the author of this article (27). In an identical approach the internet publication of the directrice of the American human rights and anti mind control organization (CAHRA), Cheryl Welsh, is referenced by joint initiative of Quaker United Nations Office, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, and Programme for Strategic and International Security Studies, with respect to non-lethal weapons (28).

On September 25th, 2000 the Committee on Security of the Russian State Duma discussed the addendum to the article 6 of the Federal law On Weapons. In the resolution we read: The achievements of contemporary science allow for creation of measured methods of secret, remote influencing on the psyches and physiology of a person or a group of people" (29). The committee recommended that the addendum be approved.The addendum to the article 6 of the Russian Federation law On Weapons" was approved on July 26, 2001. It states: within the territory of the Russian Federation is prohibited the circulation of weapons and other objects the effects of the operation of which are based on the use of electromagnetic, light, thermal, infra-sonic or ultra-sonic radiations" (30). In this way the Russian government made a first step to stand up to its dedication to the ban of mind control technology.In the Doctrine of Informational Security of the Russian Federation, signed by president Putin in September 2000, among the dangers threatening the informational security of Russian Federation, is listed the threat to the constitutional rights and freedoms of people and citizens in the sphere of spiritual life individual, group and societal consciousness" and "illegal use of special means affecting individual, group and societal consciousness" (31). Among the major directions of the international cooperation toward the guaranteeing of the informational security is listed the ban of production, dissemination and use of 'informational weapon' " (32). This should be interpreted as the continuing Russian dedication to the international ban of the means of remote influencing of the activity of human brain.

In the above mentioned report, published by the STOA, the originally proposed version of the resolution of the European Parliament is quoted, calling for an international convention for a global ban on all research and development which seeks to apply knowledge of the chemical, electrical, sound vibration or other functioning of the human brain to the development of weapons which might enable the manipulation of human beings, including a ban of any actual or possible deployment of such systems."(33) Here the term "actual" might easily mean that such weapons are already deployed. Among the countries with the most advanced military technologies those are the USA which did not present any international initiative demanding the ban of technologies enabling the remote control of human mind. (The original version of the bill by Denis J. Kucinich was changed.) All the same, according to the study published by STOA, the USA are the major promoter of the use of those arms. Non lethal technology was included into NATO military doctrine due to their effort: "At the initiative of the USA, within the framework of NATO, a special group was formed, for the perspective use of devices of non-lethal effects" states the record from the session of the Committe on Security of the Russian State Duma (29). The report published by STOA states: "In October 1999 NATO announced a new policy on non-lethal weapons and their place in allied arsenals" (34). "In 1996 non-lethal tools identified by the U.S. Army included directed energy systems" and "radio frequency weapons" (35) - those weapons, as was suggested in the STOA report as well, are being associated with the effects on human nervous system. According to the Russian government informational agency FAPSI, in the last 15 years, the U.S. expenses on the development and acquisition of the means of informational war grew four times and at present time they occupy the first place among all military programs (17),(3).Though there are other concepts of informational war than mind control, the unwillingnes of the USA to engage in the negotiations aimed at the ban of the manipulation of human brains might indicate their intent to use those means in internal as well as international affairs.


One clear consequence of the continuation of the apparent politics of secrecy surrounding technologies enabling remote control of human brains might be that the governments, who would own such technologies, could use them without having to take into consideration the opinion of the general public. The concept of the democratic world would be, though secretly, disrupted in this way, and in the future the world populations could live in only fake democracy where their own or foreign governments might, by means of secret technologies, shape their opinions.

Here is another article:

Nuclear arms raceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search

United States and USSR/Russia nuclear stockpilesNuclear weapons

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The nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War. During the Cold War, in addition to the American and Soviet nuclear stockpiles, other countries developed nuclear weapons, though none engaged in warhead production on nearly the same scale as the two superpowers.
Contents
1 World War II
2 Early Cold War
3 Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)
4 Initial nuclear proliferation
5 Richard Nixon's Program of Détente
6 Reagan and the Strategic Defense Initiative
7 Post–Cold War
8 India and Pakistan
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

[edit] World War IIThe first nuclear weapon was created by the Manhattan Project during the Second World War and was developed to be used against the Axis powers.[1] Scientists of the Soviet Union were aware of the potential of nuclear weapons and had also been conducting research in the field.[2]
The Soviet Union was not informed officially of the Manhattan Project until Stalin was briefed at the Potsdam Conference on July 24, 1945, by U.S. President Harry S. Truman [3][4], eight days after the first successful test of a nuclear weapon. Despite their wartime military alliance, the United States and Britain had not trusted the Soviets enough to keep knowledge of the Manhattan Project safe from German spies: there were also concerns that, as an ally, the Soviet Union would request and expect to receive technical details of the new weapon.
When President Truman informed Stalin of the weapons, he was surprised at how calmly Stalin reacted to the news and thought that Stalin had not understood what he had been told. Other members of the United States and British delegations who closely observed the exchange formed the same conclusion.
In fact Stalin had long been aware of the program.[5], despite the Manhattan Project having a secret classification so high that, even as Vice-President, Truman did not know about it or the development of the weapons. Truman was not informed until shortly after he became president.[5] A ring of spies operating within the Manhattan Project, (including Klaus Fuchs [6] and Theodore Hall) had kept Stalin well informed of American progress.[7]
In August 1945, on Truman's orders, two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, and the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki by the B-29 bombers named Enola Gay and Bock's Car respectively.
[edit] Early Cold WarIn the years immediately after the Second World War, the United States had a monopoly on specific knowledge of and raw materials for nuclear weaponry. Initially, it was thought that uranium was rare in the world but this turned out to be wrong. American leaders hoped that their exclusive ownership of nuclear weapons would be enough to draw concessions from the Soviet Union but this proved ineffective.
Behind the scenes, the Soviet regime was working on building its own atomic weapons. During the war, Soviet efforts had been limited by a lack of uranium but new supplies in Eastern Europe were found and provided a steady supply while the Soviets developed a domestic source. While American experts had predicted that the USSR would not have nuclear weapons until the mid-1950s, the first Soviet bomb was detonated on August 29, 1949, shocking the entire world. The bomb, named "Joe One" by the West, was more or less a copy of "Fat Man", one of the bombs the United States had dropped on Japan in 1945.
Both governments spent massive amounts to increase the quality and quantity of their nuclear arsenals. Both nations quickly began the development of a hydrogen bomb and the United States detonated the first of these on November 1, 1952. Again, the Soviets surprised the world by exploding a deployable thermonuclear device in August 1953 although it was not a true multi-stage hydrogen bomb: this weapon followed in 1955.

A chart of the Space Race as driven by the nuclear threat, graphing how the U.S. started behind, but eventually caught up and surpassed the Soviet Union.The most important development in terms of delivery in the 1950s was the introduction of intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs. Missiles had long been regarded the ideal platform for nuclear weapons, and were potentially a more effective delivery system than strategic bombers, which was the primary delivery method at the beginning of the Cold War. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union showed the world that they had missiles able to reach any part of the world when they launched the Sputnik. The United States launched their own satellite on the 31 October 1959. The Space Race showcased technology critical to the delivery of nuclear weapons, the ICBM boosters, while maintaining the appearance of being for science and exploration.
This period also saw some of the first attempts to defend against nuclear weapons. Both superpowers built large radar arrays to detect incoming bombers and missiles. Fighters to use against bombers and anti-ballistic missiles to use against ICBMs were also developed. Large underground bunkers were constructed to save the leaders, and citizens were told to build fallout shelters and taught how to react to a nuclear attack. These measurements were called civil defense.
[edit] Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)Main article: Mutual Assured Destruction
None of these defensive measures were secure, and in the 1950s both the United States and Soviet Union had nuclear power to obliterate the other side. Both sides developed a capability to launch a devastating attack even after sustaining a full assault from the other side (especially by means of submarines), called a second strike.[8] This policy was part of what became known as Mutual Assured Destruction: both sides knew that any attack upon the other would be devastating to themselves, thus in theory refraining them from attacking the other.
Both Soviet and American experts hoped to use nuclear weapons for extracting concessions from the other, or from other powers such as China, but the risk connected with using these weapons was so grave that they refrained from what John Foster Dulles referred to as brinkmanship. While some, like General Douglas MacArthur, argued nuclear weapons should be used during the Korean War, both Truman and Eisenhower opposed.
Both sides were unaware of the capacity of the enemy's arsenal of nuclear weapons. The Americans suffered from a lack of confidence, and in the 1950s they believed in a non-existing bomber gap. Aerial photography later revealed that the Soviets had been playing a sort of Potemkin village game with their bombers in their military parades, flying them in large circles, making it appear they had far more than they truly did. The 1960 American presidential election saw accusations of a wholly spurious missile gap between the Soviets and the Americans. On the contrary, the Soviet government exaggerated the power of Soviet weapons to the leadership and Nikita Khrushchev.
An additional controversy formed in the United States during the early 1960s concerned whether or not it was certain if their weapons would work if the need should occur. All of the individual components of nuclear missiles had been tested separately (warheads, navigation systems, rockets), but it had been infeasible to test them all combined. Critics charged that it was not really known how a warhead would react to the gravity forces and temperature differences encountered in the upper atmosphere and outer space, and Kennedy was unwilling to run a test of an ICBM with a live warhead. The closest thing to an actual test was 1962's Operation Frigate Bird, in which the submarine USS Ethan Allen launched a Polaris A1 missile over 1,000 miles to the nuclear test site at Christmas Island. It was challenged by, among others, Curtis LeMay, who put missile accuracy into doubt to encourage the development of new bombers. Other critics pointed out that it was a single test which could be an anomaly; that it was a lower-altitude SLBM and therefore was subject to different conditions than an ICBM; and that significant modifications had been made to its warhead before testing.
Strategic nuclear missiles, warheads and throw-weights of United States and USSR, 1964-82[9][10] Year Launchers Warheads Megatonnage
USA USSR USA USSR USA USSR
1964 2,416 375 6,800 500 7,500 1,000
1966 2,396 435 5,000 550 5,600 1,200
1968 2,360 1,045 4,500 850 5,100 2,300
1970 2,230 1,680 3,900 1,800 4,300 3,100
1972 2,230 2,090 5,800 2,100 4,100 4,000
1974 2,180 2,380 8,400 2,400 3,800 4,200
1976 2,100 2,390 9,400 3,200 3,700 4,500
1978 2,058 2,350 9,800 5,200 3,800 5,400
1980 2,042 2,490 10,000 7,200 4,000 6,200
1982 2,032 2,490 11,000 10,000 4,100 8,200
[edit] Initial nuclear proliferationIn addition to the United States and the Soviet Union, three other nations, the United Kingdom,[11] People's Republic of China,[12] and France[13] also developed far smaller nuclear stockpiles. In 1952, the United Kingdom became the third nation to possess nuclear weapons when it detonated an atomic bomb in Operation Hurricane[14] in Australia on October 3, 1952. During the Cold War, British nuclear deterrence came from submarines and nuclear-armed aircraft. The Resolution class ballistic missile submarines armed with the American-built Polaris missile provided the sea deterrent, while aircraft such as the Avro Vulcan, SEPECAT Jaguar, Panavia Tornado and several other Royal Air Force strike aircraft carrying WE.177 gravity bomb provided the air deterrent.
France became the fourth nation to possess nuclear weapons on February 13, 1960, when the atomic bomb Gerboise Bleue was detonated in Algeria,[15] then still a French colony [Formally a part of the Metropolitan France.] During the Cold War, the French nuclear deterrent was centered around the Force de frappe, a nuclear triad consisting of Dassault Mirage IV bombers carrying such nuclear weapons as the AN-22 gravity bomb and the ASMP stand-off attack missile, Pluton and Hades ballistic missiles, and the Redoutable class submarine armed with strategic nuclear missiles.
The People's Republic of China became the fifth nuclear power on October 16, 1964, when it detonated a uranium-235 bomb in a test codenamed 596.[16] Due to Soviet/Chinese tensions, the Chinese might have used nuclear weapons against either the United States or the Soviet Union in the event of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union[citation needed]. During the Cold War, the Chinese nuclear deterrent consisted of gravity bombs carried aboard H-6 bomber aircraft, missile systems such as the DF-2, DF-3, and DF-4,[17] and in the later stages of the Cold War, the Type 092 ballistic missile submarine.
[edit] Richard Nixon's Program of DétenteEconomic problems caused by the arms race in both powers, combined with China's new role and the ability to verify disarmament led to a number of arms control agreements beginning in the 1970s. This period known as détente allowed both states to reduce their spending on weapons systems. SALT I and SALT II limited the size of the states arsenals. Bans on nuclear testing, anti-ballistic missile systems, and weapons in space all attempted to limit the expansion of the arms race through the Partial Test Ban Treaty.
These treaties were only partially successful. Both states continued building massive numbers of nuclear weapons, and new technologies such as multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (also known as MIRVs) limited the effectiveness of the treaties. Both superpowers retained the ability to destroy each other many times over.
[edit] Reagan and the Strategic Defense InitiativeTowards the end of Jimmy Carter's presidency, and continued strongly through the subsequent presidency of Ronald Reagan, the United States rejected disarmament and tried to restart the arms race through the production of new weapons and anti-weapons systems. The central part of this strategy was the Strategic Defense Initiative, a space based anti-ballistic missile system derided as "Star Wars" by its critics. During the second part of 1980s, the Soviet economy was teetering towards collapse and was unable to match American arms spending. Numerous negotiations by Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to come to agreements on reducing nuclear stockpiles, but the most radical were rejected by Reagan as they would also prohibit his SDI program.
[edit] Post–Cold WarWith the end of the Cold War the United States, and especially Russia, cut down on nuclear weapons spending. Fewer new systems were developed and both arsenals have shrunk. But both countries still maintain stocks of nuclear missiles numbering in the thousands. In the USA, stockpile stewardship programs have taken over the role of maintaining the aging arsenal.
After the Cold War ended, a large amount of resources and money which was once spent on developing nuclear weapons in USSR was then spent on repairing the environmental damage produced by the nuclear arms race, and almost all former production sites are now major cleanup sites. In the USA, the plutonium production facility at Hanford, Washington and the plutonium pit fabrication facility at Rocky Flats, Colorado are among the most polluted sites.
United States policy and strategy regarding nuclear proliferation was outlined in 1995 in the document "Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence".
Despite efforts made in cleaning up uranium sites, significant problems stemming from the legacy of uranium development still exist today on the Navajo Nation in the states of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Hundreds of abandoned mines have not been cleaned up and present environmental and health risks in many Navajo communities.
[edit] India and PakistanThe South-Asian states of India and Pakistan have also engaged in a nuclear arms race. India detonated what it called a "peaceful nuclear device" in 1974 ("Smiling Buddha") [18] much to the surprise and alarm of the world who had been giving India nuclear technology for civilian, energy producing and peaceful purposes. The test generated great concern in Pakistan, which feared that it would be at the mercy of its long-time arch rival and quickly responded by pursuing its own nuclear weapons program. In the last few decades of the 20th century, Pakistan and India began to develop nuclear-capable rockets, and Pakistan had its own covert bomb program with Chinese proliferation which extended over many years since the first Indian weapon was detonated. In 1998 India, under Atal Bihari Vajpayee government, test detonated 5 more nuclear weapons. While the international response to the detonation was muted[citation needed], domestic pressure within Pakistan began to build steam and Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif ordered the test, detonated 6 nuclear war weapons in a tit-for-tat fashion and to act as a deterrent.
[edit] See alsoNuclear warfare
Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence
Deterrence theory
Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear-free zone
Space race
TNT equivalent
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship (Cold War)
[edit] References1.^ Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: History: Pre Cold War: Manhattan Project
2.^ The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program
3.^ The Potsdam Conference between allied forces
4.^ Atomic Bomb: Decision - Truman Tells Stalin, July 24, 1945
5.^ a b Potsdam Note (Animation)
6.^ Klaus Fuchs: Atom Bomb Spy
7.^ Los Alamos National Laboratory: History: People of Wartime Los Alamos: Spies
8.^ scramble
9.^ Gerards Segal, The Simon & Schuster Guide to the World Today, (Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 82
10.^ Edwin Bacon, Mark Sandle, "Brezhnev Reconsidered", Studies in Russian and East European History and Society (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003)
11.^ United Kingdom Nuclear Forces
12.^ China Nuclear Forces
13.^ France Nuclear Forces
14.^ A toxic legacy : British nuclear weapons testing in Australia [in: Wayward governance : illegality and its control in the public sector]
15.^ Chapitre II, Les premiers essais Français au Sahara : 1960-1966 Senat.fr (in French)
16.^ China's Nuclear Weapons
17.^ Theater Missile Systems - China Nuclear Forces
18.^ India's Nuclear Weapons Program - Smiling Buddha: 1974
[edit] External linksErik Ringmar, "The Recognition Game: Soviet Russia Against the West," Cooperation & Conflict, 37:2, 2002. pp. 115–36. -- the arms race between the superpowers explained through the concept of recognition.
Annotated bibliography on the nuclear arms race from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
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